Occupational Health and Safety Management (Part II only - Explaining Assignment

Word related Health and Safety Management (Part II just - Explaining the mishap) - Assignment Example The cleaner was working swiftly because of the substantial remaining burden and weight that some water would sprinkle on the floor. The server, while going close Wong, slipped when she stepped on the tricky floor. The developments of the server grabbed the eye of Wong who suddenly looked at her. Such abrupt look caused Wong to harm his fingers. The server is recently recruited (detailed for take a shot at December 22nd) and was wearing obeyed shoes when she slipped on the 24th of December. Just as of late, a similar server slipped in the kitchen and as she got the working work area, a blade fell on the floor. The blade had been blunted, which is a similar blade utilized by Wong. The kitchen has ventilation and adequate lighting. The gourmet expert, aide cook and the cleaner wore covers and non-dangerous shoes. The kitchen doesn't have dangerous floor signage. Kitchen gear and instruments that become rusted or unusable ought to be appropriately arranged through a Disposal Form. From D ecember 15 to 24, the bistro faculty were required to labor for 11 hours every day. Subsequently, at the hour of the event of the mishap, all the staff were at that point exhausted and worried because of extraordinary work request. The level of injury can be considered as a minor physical issue since the specialist exhorted Wong to take three days leave from work. Elements that Led to the Accident: Investigated and Not Identified by Manager A path of events had prompted the occurrence of the mishap. All the bistro staff were exhausted and worried because of exhaust and weight. The server was not wearing non-dangerous shoes in the kitchen. The cleaner was indiscreetly washing the dishes that causes water sprinkles on the floor. She may likewise be carelessly strolling over the floor without paying heed to her environmental factors. With respect to Wong, he normally responded to perceive what was occurring or whether the server would fall toward him. While the server was indiscreetly strolling over the floor, the cleaner was imprudently and carelessly washing dishes; along these lines water that spilled on the floor made it elusive. The kitchen, albeit well lit and ventilated, isn't built appropriately. The sink where the dishes are washed ought not be set close to the entryway yet some place in the internal piece of the kitchen, or the corner inverse the kitchen entryway. The current area of the sink truly welcomes mishaps and would be a block to the development of staff in the kitchen. The principle access to the kitchen ought to be liberated from any obstacle, either to one side or to one side in the wake of entering the kitchen. Despite the fact that not referenced in the episode report, the sink might be situated on the left or the correct side of the entryway. The entryway must have the option to swing unreservedly advance or in reverse. No signage was posted at prominent spots inside the kitchen, for example, â€Å"Slippery Floor†, â€Å"Unauthori zed Persons not Allowed†, â€Å"Always Wear Proper Kitchen Attire†, and a few others. There is additionally insufficiency in the system inside the kitchen. The server ought not be permitted to move toward the working territory of the gourmet specialist and associate culinary expert to get the food. The food fit to be served must be put by the associate culinary specialist at a spot close to the passage of the entryway, yet far enough so as not to cause a deterrent. Thusly, the server would not be disturbing the consideration of the associate culinary expert

Managing project

GILL-estrangement Group for Lean Construction (1993) proposed the idea of lean development, in view of the report-‘Application of the New Production Philosophy to Construction' which was composed by Laura(1992). Howell and Ballard (1997) set up LLC-The Lean Construction Institute and Introduced Lean Project Delivery System (LAPS) so as to lessen the loss at each piece of task. This article will talk about on decent variety substance in LAPS, for example, its standards, hypothesis, ‘OFF examinations another methodology, which is referenced in the MAMBO, being utilized in development too. . Conversation . 1 the utilization of LAPS in development industry LAPS comprise of 4 significant parts which are venture definition, lean structure lean flexibly and lean get together. In addition, various parts inner with one another in these 4 significant parts (Ballard 2003). Venture definition are required to contain all partners points and qualities, the idea of configuration just as the measures of plan. Lean structure not just needs to mirror the qualities, ideas 3 and rules yet in addition spares time to create and investigate alternatives.Lean flexibly is unmistakable as a viable framework which incorporates nitty gritty designing, manufacture and uniform. Lean gathering comprises of how to convey the materials and how to introduce them. Profoundly, there are 6 standards being utilized to direct the execution of LAPS. These standards contain disposing of waste, form quality in, make information, convey quick, regard individuals and streamline the entirety. They bring about 5 lean ways to deal with the board. Right off the bat, indicate values from the point of view of a definitive client. Another methodology is distinguishing the worth streams meaning all means ought to make value.Thirdly, making stream is making the worth making steps stream. Fourthly, the client ought to be guided to effectively pull the item from you. At last, persistently usage previous methodologies until a condition of flawlessness is reached. As indicated by these standards and approaches, James (2008) examinations the entire procedure of development and afterward make the strategy quantization so as to improve the efficiency. Be that as it may, the creation procedure in development varies from assembling industry in that it is progressively mind boggling and unpredictable.Slake(2000) discovered change stream esteem age (TFH) hypothesis which can actualize LAPS into development industry. This hypothesis appears development as an uncommon sort of production. So the technique we used to oversee development is called lean development. It is a nonstop procedure around esteem stream so as to fulfill all partners request and wipe out waste (Dickinson et. Al, 2004). As per the meaning of lean development 4 and TAP' hypothesis, the use of lean development hypothesis can separate into augment esteem, limit squander, stream the executives and undertakings delivery.Woman et al (1996) accept that the most significant thing of boosting esteem is discovering what partners are. During huge building venture development, partner is a mind boggling and dynamic framework (Bertelsmann, 2002). As indicated by Ballard and Howell (2003), the creation plan and procedure configuration ought to be coordinated so as to diminish variety in the development procedure. Boosting esteem implies satisfying the propose an incentive in an adequate expense as opposed to arriving at the objective with the most minimal value (Bertelsmann 2002).Waste can be finish up as damaged item, flexibly more than request, stock, superfluous working method, futile staff development, pointless transportation of products and pausing (Non, 1978). The eighth sort of waste was discovered that the plan and administration are not accord with costumer's waste. Macomb and Howell (2003) considered the data isn't gotten which is a loss too. Stream the executives impacts development. There are 7 sorts of streams in the strategy to be specific, planning work, site, staff, gear, material, data and outside conditions.In request to deal with these 7 streams, individuals need to set up a support which can make the stream work successful and proficient. Venture conveyance is utilized in development which depends on the LAPS. Ballard and Howell(1993) found the Last Planner System (PICTURE 1) which was structure 5 on the objective of LAPS. In the Last Planner System, the last organizer, for example, site overseer will be answerable for arranging the asset prerequisite for one week from now. At that point, chief will utilize Per Plan Completed (PC) to assess the week after week plan.Design standards Master Schedules and Phase Schedules Work organizing Selecting, sequencing and Current circumstance and measuring work we think can forecast Information Preparation Order Selecting, Ranking, Workload creation Weekly Schedule Resource Look-Ahead Plan be done Production Feedback Completed Work PICTURE 1 MAMBO There are a few task administrations are presented in the MAMBO. To be specific venture incorporation the board, venture time the executives, venture cost the board, venture quality administration, venture human asset the executives, venture correspondences the board, venture hazard the board, venture procurement.Firstly, venture coordination the executives implies the 6 strategy coordinates solidification, enunciation, combinational attributes just as integrative activities which are critical to finish the task, meet the client, accomplish partner prerequisites and oversee desires. Furthermore, dismiss time the executives can be characterized as recognizing and evaluating various calendar exercises so as to auspicious complete the task. Thirdly, venture cost the executives contains arranging process, evaluating process, planning process and controlling costs which can bring about a proper budget.Fourthly, venture quality administration can be separated into quality arranging, perform quality confirmation and perform quality control. Fifthly, venture human asset the board require arranging the staff asset with the goal that it can decide and improve the undertaking group, besides, utilizing the criticism to deal with the group. Sixthly, venture ammo the executives is a strategy that adequately passes on the valuable data to partners. Seventeenth, venture chance administration intends to foresee and investigation the conceivable hazard so arranging the reaction and the preventive method.Finally, venture acquirement the board comprises of arranging acquisition procedures and speaking with merchants, purchasers and organizations. 2. 3 Comparison Current administration techniques view the venture as a consecutive, straightforward and unsurprising delivering framework. Besides, they disintegrate the undertaking into exercises, work bundle, strategic so on, each crucial be actualized autonomously too. These techniques all utilization a top-down 7 adm inistration. Arranging and present under the best of conditions. Accordingly, the arrangement doesn't reflect intricacy, high vulnerability and elements of the construction.It prompts the activity can not be very much arranged and top notch. Conversely, LAPS appear the development as an intricate, dynamic and nonlinear delivering framework. The LAPS center around the entire creation framework that it sets up a progression of objectives. LAPS underlines incorporating item structure and procedure arranging, controlling them in the all item life cycle organizes too. The significant inclinations among LAPS and current undertaking the board center around nine angles. In the focal point of consideration perspective, LAPS more spotlight on the creation framework, yet the technique in MAMBO focus on exchanges and contracts.For the board object, lean task conveyance sees change, stream and worth items, anyway the present administration in MAMBO center around change objective. For dynamic rig ht, LAPS backing to the establishment testament in development should partake in the dynamic. Conversely, the executives techniques in MOBS like to settle on choice follow by top-down administration control framework. In the plan request perspective, item and procedure are structured together in LAPS. In MAMBO, process configuration will begin until item plan finish.For item structure, planner ought to consider the entire item life cycle arranges in LAPS. In MAMBO, originator can consider the halfway item life cycle stages. For coordinated effort approach, all the organizations in development flexibly chain should activity help out one another in LAPS. The undertakings relate with every 8 other through the market and just gracefully what the market request in MAMBO. For arranging, the calendar is planed from base to top in LAPS, yet the timetable is arrived start to finish in MAMBO. In learning perspective, learning is coordinated into development, organization and flexibly chain th e board in LAPS.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The French Revolution

Bonaparte took over the government in France and created a monarchy, regressing society rather than progressing. There was also lack of leadership among the classes which prevented the revolutionaries from organizing successful movements and effective strategies. The revolutionaries did not have an army as skilled and disciplined as the government which also put them at a disadvantage. The revolution started in urban areas so citizens living in rural areas were unaware about the reasons for revolting. Common people had traditional views and customs so they were indifferent about a revolution. The revolution failed to recognize their goals, lacked support, weak military, and division between social classes. In the Class Struggles in†¦show more content†¦Along with capital, the class structure also included an industrial proletariat, and a petty bourgeoisie. Within these groups, there were different class fractions, The bourgeois class fell apart into two big fractions, which, alternately, the big landed proprietors under the restored monarchy and the finance aristocracy and the industrial bourgeoisie under the July monarchy, had maintained a monopoly of order. Marx also examined how the finance capital was dominant in France, while manufacturing played a less significant role. Marx always believed capitalism as an international phenomenon and thought that class struggles in one country were directly impacted by the economic developments of other countries. In 1848 he wrote that, French production relations are conditioned by the foreign trade of France, by her position on the world market and the laws thereof; how should France break them without a European revolutionary war, which would strike back at the despot of the world market, England? And equally, when discussing why there had been a revolution in France in February 1848, he noted that,the second great economic event which hastened the outbreak of the revolution, was a general commercial and ind ustrial crisis in England. The capitalist social relations of production and class struggle can only be understood within an international context.In his assessment of class struggles in France from 1848 toShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The American Revolution1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe American Revolution, where the colonists sought freedom from King George III of England and Parliament. After fighting for years to gain their independence, the American colonies won the war. Even though the colonists faced several disadvantages during the American Revolution against the British, the determination of the soldiers, knowledge of the land, assistance from the French led the colonies to victory. During the mid-1760s, Great Britain was drained in debts due to the French and IndianRead MoreSimilarities Between The French Revolution And American Revolution706 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution and the American Revolution have many similarities but there are definitely some differences between these two wars as well. Yes, both wars were focused around liberty and equality and both were trying to gain freedom but the main difference between these two wars were the context. (www.quora.com) America wanted to gain freedom from rules and taxes that Great Britain had put upon them, whereas France wanted to abolish the French monarchy and form a better government where peopleRead MoreReign of Terror Essay630 Words   |  3 PagesReign of Terror DBQ: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Terror as an instrument of the French Revolution. France was experience a great amount of change in the summer of 1793, when the Jacobins succeeded the moderates in the National Convention. With the radical Jacobins in power, the country was in tumult, and a Reign of Terror ensued due to a law of suspects that legalized local revolutionary committees. Because of this, thousands of people were killed by guillotine or other methodsRead MoreAdvantages and Reasons Why the American Colonists Won over the British in the American Revolution1257 Words   |  6 PagesAdvantages and reasons why the American colonists won over the British in The American Revolution During the American Revolution, The British and the American colonists had many difficulties and challenges to overcome. Both sides had great disadvantages and advantages, but the in the end the colonists had the most advantages and won their independence from the British. Some of the most important reasons the colonists won was that they were fighting on their own continent and knew the land betterRead MoreThe Reign of Terror894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reign of Terror was a time during the French Revolution hundreds of thousands of people were executed by various means: guillotine, shot, and drowned. The Committee of Public Safety, lead by Maximilien de Robespierre, were in charge of these executions, and with the job of finding anti-revolutionaries forces. Many thought that what Robespierre was doing would just lead to a greater anti-revolution movement, which would in turn increase the number of executions. Others did not take action againstRead MoreTo What Extent Did the Revol utions of 1848-9 Fail in Italy Due to Poor Leadership?1071 Words   |  5 Pagesuniting the states of Italy to strengthen his campaign, for example, by joining Lombardy and Venetia with Piedmont and merging their armies into one in 1848, and aiding the rebels in Lombardy, his poor leadership effected the outcome of the 1848-9 Revolutions. Albert was uncomfortable with non-Piedmontese revolutionaries and made them swear an oath of loyalty to Piedmont, nor would he accept volunteers from other states in his army. This lack of unity hindered his chances of success. After Lombardy inRead MoreThe American Revolution Marked A Historical Time For The1579 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution marked a historical time for the country particularly with regards to the acquisition of freedom and the country’s independence from the British. It was also a time when America began to establish itself as a force to reckon with on a global scale, proven by their win. There were variou s advantages and disadvantages held by both parties during the war, particularly revolving around the competence of each army, the availability of supplies, and other important factors thatRead MoreEcon 515 Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesindustrialization. List 3 negative consequences of industrialization. Did British Standards of Living rise 1800-1850? Why or Why not? How about after 1850? 4. What do data on wages tell us about changes in the standard of living during the Industrial Revolution? How about changes in consumption? In what way does looking at biological measures tell a different story? 5. (NOTE: NUMBERS MAY CHANGE ON EXAM!) Suppose the U.S. can produce 100 pairs of shoes or 1,000 lines of computer code per day perRead MoreBritish Of The British Empire1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing part of the British Empire meant that there were advantages as well as eventual disadvantages. The advantage was that, since the colonies were part of the British empire, they could trade with the richest empire on earth; there was an economic advantage. And, the colonies were relatively safe because the British Empire had the strongest military nation in the world at that time, which helped protect the colonies. The eventual disadvantage was that, colonists had to obey a variety of rules imposedRead MoreThe Paris Eiffel Tower977 Words   |  4 Pagesengineer and architect. The tower was built for the International Exhibition of Paris in memory of the centenary of the French Revolution. It means too much for the french people, it is a sign of freedom and justice, and it has a huge political meaning. Also during world war 1, The Eiffel Tower was used for communicating, it used as a wireless telegraph transmitter, so french military used the tower to talk wirelessly with ships in the Atlantic Ocean and block enemy messages. Nowaday, The Eiffel

An Analysis of William Wordsworths The Female Vagrant

In Wordsworths narrative poem The Female Vagrant, a British female vagrant who grew up in the country narrates her plight which took place during the later part of the eighteenth century when Britain was under urbanization, industrialization, and fighting in the American war for independence. Her plight was a result of the effects which these above mentioned events which were taking place in Britain had on her rural family life. This essay will explore how in the poem, The Female Vagrant Wordsworths portrays the effects of these events on rural family life. Wordsworth portrays the effects of urbanization on rural family life as horrible. At the start, the female vagrants life and her fathers was like a happy dream; One field, a†¦show more content†¦All perished; all, in one remorseless year,Husband and children! One by one, by swordAnd ravenous plague, all perished. Every tearDried up, despairing, desolate, on boardA British ship I waked, as from a trance restored. (127-135)The only peace she ever knew afterwards was when she was in the midst of the dark broad empty sea, on her voyage back to Britain. The nature of the sea was much similar to the nature of her life at that moment. She says it seemed to bring a joy to my despair (143). It removed the reality of her situation from her mind; And oft, robbed of my perfect mind, I thought / At last my feet a resting-place had found (172-173). But her peace could not last for long. She eventually reached her destination; and homeless near a thousand homes I stood / and near a thousan d tables pines, and wanted food (179-180). The vagrants misery took another direction in the city. She had to do with sleeping outside and learn to beg for food. This was not easy for a woman who grew up in a Christian family. Her experience of and her interactions with the well to do city people broke her heart further. It proved to her that her upbringing did not prepare her for the cold facts of life. The city people and their looks; looks where common kindness had no part, (204) and even when they offered some service, it was with careless cruelty (205). Help for theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Gothic Genre and What it Entails6177 Words   |  25 Pagesinto neglect by frantic novels, sickly and stupid German Tragedies, and deluges of idle and extravagant stories in verse. The human mind is capable of being excited without the application of gross and violent stimulants.. William Wordsworth, Preface to The Lyrical Ballads, 1802. ..Phantasmagoric kind of fiction, whatever one may think of it, is not without merit: twas the inevitable result of revolutionary shocks throughout Europe thus to compose works of interest

The Purpose of an Education Essay - 548 Words

The Purpose of an Education Many of today’s youth do not see the purpose of education. Students, however, have goals and ambitions they want to fulfill when they reach adulthood. They want to be the lawyers, doctors, teachers, computer analysts, and government officials. They want to have salaries that exceed $50,000 so they can drive the BMW(s) and Lexus(es). To fill these positions, young people need to meet the qualifications and they will see that it fundamentally comes down to receiving a good education. The purpose of education is not to prepare young people for the next grade. The overall purpose of an education, however, is to prepare adolescents to be adults so they can be productive citizens in our society.†¦show more content†¦Not only does having an education teach a student book knowledge, but it also can teach them life lessons. For example, turning homework in on time and to the best of their ability is an act of punctuality and being proactive. Students also should b e able to always question the information they read and receive. This should not be mistaken for a student trying to be smarter than the teacher, but it should provide an avenue for a student to gain understanding of the subject matter. This will be helpful when they watch the news on television or read a magazine article or non-fiction book because much of what students read is biased. Students need to learn how to read this information and decide which is accurate. Learning these techniques is a major contributor to receiving a good education. Finally, having an education increases our advancement on the economic and social ladder. Depending on how far we go in our education will determine the career that we choose. It will also determine our usefulness and effectiveness in society. If we do not have an education, it is hard to become that productive citizen in society. The end result is that we will be powerless. It has been proven that powerless people do not reach the attention of higher members in society. The sad thing is that without an education, they would not know that they are powerless. The purpose of anShow MoreRelatedEducation : Purposes Of Education Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesFall 2015 Purposes of Education The vocational purpose of education refers to the information and abilities students master through their learning experience in schools. In other words, the main goal of this purpose is to prepare literate and economically aware adults. In reference to early elementary school years, skills that students must master are basic addition/subtraction, memorization, learning to read, and basic sentence writing. Mastering these skills are an important piece of the economicRead MoreThe Purpose Of Education1038 Words   |  5 Pagescommon good refers to the advantage of all people in society. The purpose of education is to prepare students with the life skills they need to be better citizens when they become adults. Most schools promote the idea of the common good in their mission statements. My school mission statement is, â€Å"The mission of the Wadsworth City Schools, in cooperation with families, school personnel, and community, is to provide an education in a safe environment t hat will enable all students to reach theirRead MoreThe Purpose Of Education1041 Words   |  5 PagesEducation has always played an important role within societies and still continues to do so. Education certainly has numerous purposes. From my point of view, the purpose of education is to transfer a wide range of knowledge to students in various fields in order to pursue life ambitions such as job opportunities, research and to prepare students for life and enhancing their current abilities. Education will build and develop the necessary skills required in order for individuals to communicateRead MoreThe Purpose Of Education1918 Words   |  8 Pages1. What is the purpose of education? The purpose of education is to develop young minds with the values and principles that are required of a being a productive and thriving citizen. An education gives children the ability to think and reason critically. It is extremely important that children are educated to think for \right and wrong. For example, children that do not graduate high school. The number of adults in correctional facilities with high school diplomas versus those without are very unbalancedRead MorePurpose of Education Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesEssay: The Purpose of Education Everyday we go to school to receive our education, but what is the purpose of education? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, â€Å"The Purpose of Education† and Frank O’Connor’s short story, â€Å"Christmas Morning,† both discuss what is the purpose of education. The purpose of education is to acknowledge not only one’s intelligence, but also one’s character, provide one with the ability to make decisions and achieve their goals. One of the purposes of education is to acknowledgeRead MoreThe Definition And The Purpose Of Education1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe definition and the purpose of education. I first define education as a particularly social activity through the integration from different views. Then I introduce the education in China, in the process of quality education reform, which can be taken as a shift from the utilization of education. The current situation, however, is unsatisfactory and problematic because the reform seems to be just a formality. Partially as a solution to this, I describe the purpose of education to focus on the preparationRead MorePurpose of Higher Education1129 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent theories for the purpose of higher education in The New Yorker’s article named, Live and Learn: Why We Have College. Menand (2011) claims that the reasons for a college education are meritocratic, democratic, and vocational. These theories are great models for the purpose of hi gher education in our culture at different points in our history. Our colleges and universities conduct instruction with clear and definite intentions. The institutions of higher education adopt certain techniques designedRead MorePurpose Of College Education863 Words   |  4 Pages Education is the understanding of knowledge, skills, and moral values. It is essential for the growth and development of students. It serves as the direction of the mind of a young adult. A college education is an important stage because it helps students understand and appreciate the importance of education in the society. It is an optional stage of a formal system of education that offers vocational learning. The college experience teaches the young generation to work by preparing them psychologicallyRead MoreWhat Is The Purpose Of Education? Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is the Purpose of Education? The purpose of education in any society is to pass down the skills and knowledge required to live within society. Depending on the amount and quality of the education you receive, you can build any life for yourself. Although this can be very positive and uplifting, it can also be negative and detrimental, depending on the society that you live in. Education can help people living in oppressive situations with no hope to realize their potential and change theirRead MoreThe Purpose Of University Education968 Words   |  4 Pages The purpose of university education is not only to gain more knowledge for future careers, but to educate people from becoming illiterate. University education was first established in 1636 by John Harvard. His first purpose was to train students to becoming Christian ministers, which resulted into a prestigious school for students to attend. Harvard University, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts was primarily a puritan college because of the era of strict religious beliefs in society. Students

Produced on publisher Essay Example For Students

Produced on publisher Essay I have been contacted by Ritchie Hulks who is a member of the Dover Athletic Supporters Trust board recently. He has asked me if it would be possible to design a monthly newsletter for the trust because the trust feel at the moment that some of their members are not receiving enough information as they should be. I have been informed that the trust has over 500 members and only about 50 of them are being regularly informed as to what is going on, so the trust feel that a newsletter produced monthly would keep everyone who is a member up to date with what is happening. The DAST help run the club and organise many events, they feel that if these were better published then the club could make more money, the DAST is made up of supporters who have paid money to have a say in their football club. One of the things that the trust promised was that all members would be informed as to what is happening at the club. I have been asked to design this newsletter because the people who run=n the DAST have very limited computer knowledge. They would supply me with all the information and what they want from me is a professional looking design, which all the members will read. They have told me that the newsletter will need to be 2 sides of A4 and that I can decided how it should be laid out. I have also been supplied the logo of the DAST and they would like that to appear someone on the newsletter. As the newsletter is free and 500 copies have to be produced I will need to make sure that the design is cost effective, if when I have completed the design the DAST thing it will be too expensive to produce I will have to modify it. The trust also has a website which contains some of the information however not all members can access this and it is not always updated. Although it was suggested I did a newsletter I was given a chance to present any better ideas to the board so I decided to look at what solutions there were to this problem:A hand-produced letter could be produced and photocopied and then sent out to each member, giving him or her information on what is happening. This would be very time consuming and would look very unprofessional. The DAST we-site could be updated more regularly and more features could be added so that people are better informed. Although this is a good idea as previously mentioned not everybody has access to the site so some people will be missing out. This could be suggested to run alongside the newsletter. * An e-mail system, this could be used but no everyone has access to email. This could be used though to send the newsletter to peoples email addresses so that money is saved on printing and posting. This will not affect the design of the newsletter though. A word-processed newsletter could be produced, this is an ok idea but it would not look as professional as if it was produced on publisher. Â  A newsletter produced on publisher than can then be sent by email or post. I am going to use MS publisher because it will give the best look, it is easy to import pictures and things can be changed quickly. I can also incorporate publisher with the email system and a copy of the newsletter could also be posted on the website easily. These are things that can be discussed by the DAST when I have produced the newsletter.

A Definition of Amnesty

A Definition of Amnesty Generally, amnesty is defined as any governmental pardon for past offenses or crimes, especially political ones. Granting amnesty goes beyond a pardon, in that it forgives the said offense completely, and typically without consequences. For purposes of conservative politics, amnesty is a political term typically associated with two major issues: immigration and capital punishment. As it relates to immigration, amnesty is the term used for granting automatic citizenship to resident aliens, who are in the United States illegally. Amnesty for illegal immigrants is the subject of tremendous controversy since it essentially bypasses the citizenship and assimilation process essential to all legal immigration into the United States. As it relates to the death penalty, amnesty is the term used for when a governor grants a reprieve from execution to a prisoner sentenced to death. In this case, amnesty is different from a pardon in that it doesnt exonerate the condemned from all punitive action or absolve the convicted of all wrongdoing.​ Illegal Immigration Was the 2013 Gang of Eight Bill amnesty? The easy answer is: Not really. The 2013Â   immigration bill did not offer blanket amnesty. In fact, there were a number of requirements, penalties, and steps that needed to be taken in order to remain in the country legally, and not everyone would get to stay: The Gang of Eight bill is actually called the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013. It was a comprehensive immigration reform proposal originating in and passed by the US Senate. It was a Democrat-friendly bill that needed a lot of work and had a lot of poor elements to it. The eight members included Republicans Marco Rubio, John McCain, Jeff Flake, and Lindsey Graham and Democrats Chuck Schumer, Bob Menendez, Richard Durbin, and Michael Bennet. The bill eventually passed by a vote of 68-32. From a conservative standpoint, the bill was not very good and though it had provisions beefing up border security, they were ultimately toothless and gave far too much power to the executive branch. Immigration Reform If immigration reform fails once again, it needs to fail after both the Senate and House pass bills. If the House passes an enforcement-first bill that the Senate refuses to adopt, the Senate is equally responsible for reform failing. And while voters agree immigration reform needs to happen, they also agree that closing the border and preventing more illegal immigration is a top priority. If the bill ultimately fails it will be on those grounds. Democrats want little in the way of border security, increasing deportation of criminal aliens, or slowing down the legalization and citizenship process. All of these are crucial elements of any immigration reform. If they are absent, reform should fail. These provisions have broad support among voters. The proof is in the television and radio ads that members of the Gang of Eight are running. In those ads, the Senate bill proponents constantly talk about strong enforcement measures because they know Americans do not want to see the current scenario play out again in a decade. Of course, those measures have been trimmed out of the bill. If immigration reform ultimately fails because conservatives stood for these core elements it will be harder for them to be badgered politically. After all, the are holding out for positions with broad public support. That said, the Republican Party has never been known to play to their advantages well with the public. Pronunciation: amnistee Also Known As: acquittal, compurgation, exculpation, forgiveness, mercy, release Examples: Amnesty is a terrible policy, and its terrible politics. Its a terrible policy because you are rewarding people for breaking the law.- Tom Tancredo

Understanding SAT Scores What Do They Mean

Understanding SAT Scores What Do They Mean SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You got your SAT score back, and you're not sure what to think of it. What does your SAT score mean? What does your SAT score measure? Is your SAT score high? Is it low? Will it get you into the college you hope to attend? I'll answer all of these questions below so you can start understanding SAT scores. What Does the SAT Measure? The SAT is supposed to measure your readiness for higher education and be a prediction of future academic success, thoughwhether it does measure so is debatable. There aremany smart, successful people, who don't do very well on the SAT. The SAT began as an Army IQ test, which was slightly altered and given as a college admissions test for the first time in 1926. However, the SAT did not become widespread until 1933, when the Harvard president began using it to judge scholarship applicants because he thought it was an accurate predictor of academic potential. By the 1940s, the SAT was the standard test among college applicants and was given to over 300,000 people in the US. What do SAT scores mean nowadays? Colleges continue to use the SAT because they see it and the ACT as â€Å"equalizers.† While every high school student across the country received a different education, all applicants take the SAT or ACT. Right or wrong, admissions officers see it as a fair way to compare students from across the globe. While what the SAT measures is debatable, the purpose of an SAT score isn’t. The purpose of your SAT score is to get you into college, so you should understand your SAT score in terms of how it can help you do that. How Does Your SAT Score Compare? SAT Score Range To understand your score, you need to know the range of possible SAT scores. If you already took the SAT or are taking the SAT this fall (2015), the composite scores can range from 600 to 2400. If you are taking the new SAT in spring 2016 or later, the composite scores can range from 400 to 1600. The average composite SAT score in the US is typically around 1500 (on the 2400 scale) though it varies slightly from year to year. The worst possible score (old test 600, new test 400) is very rare; only 374 students got this score in 2014, which is fewer than the 583 thatgot perfect scores (old test 2400, new test 1600). What’s a Good SAT Score in That Range? While we would all love a perfect score, it's unnecessary for most applicants. A good score for you depends on what college you hope to attend.To figure out if your score is â€Å"good† in terms of your target schools, search â€Å"[College Name] SAT.† That search should lead you to what's known as the Freshman Admit Profile. The name may vary slightly from school to school, but you should be able to find what's known as the 25th/75th percentile or the average SAT. The 25th percentile SAT score means that 25% of admits scored at or below (in other words, 75% of admitted applicants scored above). The 75th percentile SAT means that 75% of admits scored at or below (or 25% of admits scored above). The average SAT is an average of all of the admits’ SAT scores. A good score for that school is at or above the 75th percentile SAT score. If you reach that score and have a strong transcript and application, you'll have a great chance of getting in. For schools that only give the average SAT, I recommend aiming for a score 100 points higher than the average to ensure you are in the top 25% of students. Why should you aim for a higher score? In writing this, I'm assuming you are a typical applicant with no special qualification (recruited athlete, legacy, child of a significant donor, or a unique talent like a famous painter). Schools often accept students with special qualifications with lower scores. I think you should assume those students may account for as many as 25% of admits. If you're not one of those students, you want a higher SAT score to stand out, so aim for the 75th percentile or above. For further explanation, check out What is a good SAT score? A bad SAT score? An excellent SAT score? Should You Retest? How Many Times? If you did not meet the 75th percentile or above for your school of choice, I recommend retesting.However, you shouldn't take the SAT more than six times. If you haven't achieved your target score after three or four attempts, you're not preparing properly. You need to have a dedicated study plan to reach your goal. Check out one of our guides for sophomores, juniors, and seniors to creating an SAT study plan. Also, consider hiring an SAT tutor, taking an SAT class, or enrolling in an online SAT prep program such as PrepScholar. Created by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program figures out your strengths and weaknesses, then customizes your preparation to your needs, so you get the most effective preparation possible. What’s Next? Need help with preparation? Struggling with the SAT Writing section? SAT Reading? SAT Math? Or just want overall SAT strategies? Remember, that with hard work and dedication you will achieve your desired score! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Customer Relationship Management in Youi Company Essay

Customer Relationship Management in Youi Company - Essay Example This strategy involves division of the market base using diverse variables, which include age, education, culture, occupation, location and socio-economic status among others. Youi insurance stormed the Australian market and launched its products with the aim of reaching every segment of the customer base. The company personalized insurance and defined the risks more accurately. This strategy allowed Youi insurance company to reach the new but low risk customer segments, which were not previously targeted by other insurers (Carr, 14). These segments included the white-collar commuters who commuted by public service transport to the city for work. Customized media approach was used to reach diverse groups accordingly. For instance, the company targeted the bus and train stations and quenched the traveler’s thirst during the summer mornings with customized bottles of water. Similarly, weekday and daytime TV media advertisements reached the customer segment in homes. This strateg y reached and attracted numerous customers (Carr, 14). A vigorously integrated information and technology system has reached the customer market. This has eased provision of insurance products and communicating with the customers more easily. This study establishes that, Youi uses its integrated information and technology system to transact. This implies that most of the customer requests are done online.According to this study, provision of personalized and cheap insurance retained the customer segments acquired.... Similarly, weekday and daytime TV media advertisements reached the customer segment in homes. This strategy reached and attracted numerous customers (Carr, 14). A vigorously integrated information and technology system has reached the customer market. This has eased provision of insurance products and communicating with the customers more easily. This study establishes that, Youi uses its integrated information and technology system to transact. This implies that most of the customer requests are done online. Retention of the Acquired customer base According to this study, provision of personalized and cheap insurance retained the customer segments acquired through the campaigns and media advertisement (Carr, 14). The Youi Company ensured that the customers understand the finer details of the insurance products provided. Correspondingly, the prices offered remained affordable. Notably, the Youi insurance has gone a notch higher in market orientation. This implies that, the company is focused upon the desires of the customers (Insurance in Australia, 6). The needs of the clients are addressed in a three-level of a product, which include the tangible product, core product and associated benefits and the augmented product (customer service). This trend retained and expanded the customer market. The National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) NMRA is one of the oldest insurance companies in Australia with over 150 branches across the globe. NMRA enjoys a hearty customer relationship management (CRM) system. NMRA uses the aspect of information technology in reaching and retaining its customer base. The database interconnects all the branches across

Nursing reading research 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing reading research 3 - Essay Example From the article it is difficult to ascertain the consent rate because the survey was conducted in an 11-bed ICU ward and only seven family members have been involved in the study. There is no indication as to whether all the 11 beds were occupied or not, and if it were fully occupied why there remaining four were not included. In addition it is stated that â€Å"recruitment of participants continued until saturation of the initial data occurred† leaving some gap in target sample size. (Bond, et al, 2003). The mortality rate was above 57% (4 out of 7 participant’s relatives died).This data has much relevance with the research outcome, because the data reinforced the seriousness of severe traumatic brain injury and the extreme need to support families of such patients during the patients’ ICU stay†. The data size was seven family members, with dissimilar relationship, of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Their ages ranged from 41 to 61 years. Since this is a qualitative study the small sample (7 participants) size can provide â€Å"insights about a particular group or patients† and â€Å"can illustrate qualitative findings.† The study was conducted at an eleven-bed neurological ICU in a level I trauma centre. Initial data collection was held in the privacy of a nearby waiting room, and subsequent interviews were conducted either at the hospital or by telephone, at the participant’s convenience. This study was quasi-experimental one aimed to formulate hypothesis for further research and except using inclusion criteria there were no independent variables that have to be controlled, and content analysis was used to identify common themes. Though interview method was the primary instrument of data collection, its variations like personal interview, additional daily interview, telephonic data collection, appropriate follow-up,

Admission Essay for Mba Essay Example for Free

Admission Essay for Mba Essay The quest for knowledge is unlimited as are the human wants. Perception is the basic idea behind every accomplishment. The field of business administration in itself is a line with inquisitive and progressive future. The very immediate applicability of the subject and its consequent results on improvisation of society on whole is a rewarding experience to go through. The one thing in present day and in future that will remain constant will be the progress and development of mankind. Thus the focus will inevitably be on developing the business structure. This being one of the main factors that directly reflect any countries growth and index of development has scope for challengeable and innovative future. The very beauty of this field which inclined me towards it is the fact that this field is never confined and ever emerging by bounding and integrating with different fields towards extracting the best we can do! See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay Ever since my childhood I was always fascinated by the way a business works. I always showed interest towards the working of a business and from my schooling I used to accompany my father in his business. I used to help him with maintaining accounts and learnt various business tactics. Today when choosing a specialization it is a great relief that what I want to pursue is not only a fast developing and long lasting field but also a subject of immense interest to me. Combined by my full commitment and wholehearted interest towards the subject and after judging the applicability of my decision towards my career’s progress I can say with full satisfaction that this is the best that I can do from personal and productive point of views. Apart from the academic interest, I expanded my thirst for knowledge by presenting different technical papers at national and state levels. A few of my papers are Export Documentation, Import Documentation, Working of a Retail Outlet, few Finance related papers and Accounting Projects. All these activities during my course and the interest generated from the projects attracted me more towards the field of Business Administration which supported my childhood interest. I was able to increase my intra personal traits by playing a major role in organizing the events of ARTHASHASTRA, a state level commerce students festival organized by Commerce Organization For Emerging Entrepreneurs (COFEE) at our institution which created a perfect platform for exposing myself in both leadership qualities and monitoring skills, which created lot of zeal to counteract the surrounding situations. As the United States education system is the polestar for other nations, I therefore chose to opt for USA for my higher education. Furthermore, I hardly need to mention that Franklin University being among the reputed schools for Business Administration would provide the best in terms of opportunities, infrastructural facilities and academically stimulating environment. My intended areas of specialization in the Graduate program in the Business Administration at Franklin University (Columbus, OH) is Masters in Business Administration (MBA) in order to pursue a carrier in business administration and experience the excitement and satisfaction of being associated with this vast and expanding field. Finally I would like to add that the essence of University education lies in the synergic relationships between the student and his department. I am confident that I will match the high standards set by the University. I thus feel that a Graduate study at Franklin University will be the most logical extension of my academic pursuits and a major step towards achieving my objectives. I would definitely boost my ambitions if I am given the opportunity to pursue my higher studies at Franklin University with suitable financial assistance and I am confident that I will be able to justify your faith in me.

Recycling :: essays research papers

Five years have passed since the Earth Summit. Have we made any progress? Have we moved closer to the goal of sustainable development in the last five years? Is the world better off today than it was five years ago? A pessimist will say that the glass is half empty. As an optimist I prefer to say that the glass is half full. Let me count the main achievements", asserts Ambasador Tommy Koh of Singapore. The following is adapted from his article. First, the Earth Summit has brought to a final resolution the age-old debate between economic development and protection of the environment. The new wisdom is that we want economic progress, but we also want to live in harmony with nature. To be sure, Governments have to make hard choices and there are trade-offs between the two objectives. But since the Earth Summit, it is no longer possible to talk about development without considering its impact on the environment or to talk about protecting the environment without considering its impact on sustainable development. Many countries have enacted legislation to provide for environmental impact assessment. Second, the Earth Summit has empowered the environmental movement. Within national Governments, the ministries of environment and environmental protection agencies have become more important. The NGO (non-governmental organization) community has gained in stature and influence. Many countries have established national councils on sustainable development. The business community has rallied to the cause and established the Business Council on Sustainable Development. Business leaders have become aware that support for the environment is not inconsistent with profitability. Third, the Framework Convention on Climate Change has come into force. The States Parties are engaged in the difficult process of negotiating a Protocol which would contain legally binding limits on the emission of greenhouse gases. Fourth, the Convention on Biological Diversity has also come into force. States Parties are required to undertake inventories of their biological diversity. They are also required to publish Red Data Books containing their endangered species of flora and fauna. Although we continue to lose about three species of flora and fauna every day, the prospect is better today than five years ago that the world will arrest and reverse this trend. Fifth, in response to the urgent need of Africa, a Convention to Combat Desertification has been negotiated and adopted. It will enter into force in December 1997. I hope the international community will back the Convention with the requisite political will and economic resources to make it work.

Killing vs Letting Die

In a paper entitled â€Å"Why Does Removing Machines Count as Passive Euthanasia?† Dr. Patrick D. Hopkins argues that â€Å"the removal of a machine which substitutes for a failed vital organ is equivalent to removing that life-sustaining organ.†( Killing 2004 p. 1). In this scenario, removing a breathing machine such as BiPap that essentially breathes for the patient when they are unable to breathe for themselves, would be tantamount to removing the patient’s lung in order to stop him from breathing. The ground becomes a little shaky if we rely on this theory; the patient or surrogate making decisions for the patient, when confronted with a terminally ill medical situation,   asks that all â€Å"life-support† machines and feeding tubes be removed. Is the doctor or nurse who performs this act of mercy â€Å"killing† the patient, or just removing artificial means of life and â€Å"letting die?†Ã‚   Unlike Dr. Hopkins, I don’t feel tha t â€Å"pulling the plug,† or ceasing life support machines is equal in any way to cutting out a vital organ. I believe â€Å"letting die† is a morally responsible act, while actively â€Å"killing† is quite another matter.Many people make a distinction between passive euthanasia and active euthanasia.   While the AMA maintains that people have a â€Å"right to die with dignity,† and believe it â€Å"morally permissible,† for a physician to allow the death of a person who is suffering unmercifully and has an incurable disease, they are unwilling to â€Å"countenance active euthanasia for a person who is in similar straits, but who has the misfortune not to be suffering from an illness that will result in a speedy death.† (Tooley 2006 p. 1).   Therefore, while a patient might have a terminal illness and be in extreme pain, if the illness is not likely to kill them fairly quickly, euthanasia is not an option, rather they are required to su ffer for a lengthy period of time before receiving assistance in ending their lives.This becomes a very touchy moral issue, with passionate arguments on both sides.   The motives of a person who intentionally kills someone is surely more evil than the motives of a person who lets someone die, most especially if the motives for letting that person die are purely non-selfish and a result of empathy for the person’s pain.   Watching a loved one die slowly and painfully is a hardship on those who love them as well as the person themselves. When a beloved member of your family is begging you to â€Å"let them go,† how can it be morally wrong to grant that wish?In the realm of withholding treatment versus withdrawing treatment, the consensus seems to be that if withholding treatment can be justified, then withdrawing it can be justified by the same criteria. (Jennings 2001 p. 2).   The reality is that while administering treatment that may, in fact, have to be later wi thdrawn buys time in the sense that the physician is able come to a solid prognosis of the patient’s chances for survival, many ethicists feel that it is â€Å"easier to justify not starting treatment.†Ã‚   (Jennings 2001 p. 2).   So, while administering treatment may allow the doctor, patient and family members time to accept the reality of the imminent death of a loved one, doctors are hesitant to administer treatment that they are fairly certain will have to be withdrawn somewhere down the line, and find it easier to let nature take it’s course in the first place.Life sustaining treatments are considered to be: mechanical ventilation, dialysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, antibiotics, transfusions, nutrition and hydration.   While most of us are relatively â€Å"okay† with the idea of withdrawing (or not administering in the first place) the mechanical ventilation, dialysis, or performing CPR, we are less okay with the idea of removing a feeding tube and iv’s or not administering antibiotics.We equate these acts in some sense as â€Å"starving† our loved one to death, or making them do without water, and we see this more as torture than assisting an inevitable death. The fact is that dehydration can produce a sedative effect on the brain, making the dying process more tolerable, so essentially it is an issue in our minds rather than one based on reality.   Technically it is all the same; if a person is unable to feed themselves in the traditional way, or drink a glass of water, then feeding tubes and IV’s are artificial means of keeping a person alive. However, if we were to disallow these basic medical care issues, many, many, people who go on to live happy, productive lives, would surely die.The question becomes to what degree are we good with measures to sustain life? Many times â€Å"comfort measures† are determined to be the most solid course, and, in general, family members are much more agreeable to allowing a loved one to die provided they are still administered IV’s, feeding tubes and pain medication.Extraordinary measures may in some cases be determined by the level of technological complexity, yet this can be misleading. â€Å"Certain procedures for providing artificial nutrition and hydration, for example, are technologically rather complex, whereas administering chemotherapy is not.†Ã‚   (Policy 2006 p. 3).   Therefore, we cannot say that administering chemotherapy is a rather simple procedure, therefore only an â€Å"ordinary† means of treatment while the complex artificial nutrition system must then be â€Å"extraordinary.†Ã‚   There must, therefore, be an assessment of the â€Å"benefits and burdens for the patient that each procedure or treatment provides.† (Policy 2006 p. 3).CPR is generally used to restore breathing capabilities to someone whose breathing has been interrupted for whatever reason. Because resuscitati on has no value in the management of terminal diseases, but is rather intended to return a person in a health crisis to a normal healthy state, CPR, while certainly an extraordinary, live-saving measure, is not a factor in a terminally ill patient. Mechanical ventilation may be ethically removed from a terminally ill patient at their request, just as blood transfusions may be refused by the patient who is terminally ill.Tony Bland was a victim of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster when football fans were crushed and 95 people died.   Tony survived but was in a coma that doctors believed he would never emerge from. (Tony Bland 2006 p. 1).   Tony could breathe on his own and all his vital organs functioned normally on his own. He could digest food but could not feed himself, so was put on feeding tubes.Because we don’t consider food and water â€Å"medicine,† but rather basic necessities to stay alive, the feeding tube for Tony Bland could not be considered â€Å"treatm ent,† and because Mr. Bland was not actually dying at the time, his food and fluids would have had to be withdrawn in order for him to die. The courts ordered, after four years of Mr. Bland being in a â€Å"permanent vegetative state,† that the fluids and feeding tubes be removed, and he be allowed to die, a process that took nearly two weeks as well as causing the suffering of his family.   (Tony Bland 2006 p. 2).The issue of medical euthanasia is one that will be debated passionately for many years to come, with ethical arguments on both sides.Works CitedJennings, Bruce (February 2001). Medical Ethics and Clinical Practice. Retrieved onMay 29, 2006 from:http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1071269Killing vs. Letting Die (June 13, 2004). Should Removal of Mechanical Life SupportMachine at the Request of a Patient be Considered Killing or Letting the PatientDie? Retrieved May 30, 2006 from:http://www.hsc.usc.edu/~mbernste/ethics.killingvs.lettingdie.h tmlPolicy (2006). Policy on Forgoing Life Sustaining or Death-Prolonging Therapy.Retrieved on May 30, 2006 from:http://www.clevelandclinic.org/bioethics/policies/policyonlifesustaining/ccfcode.htmlTony Bland. (2006). Tony Bland and PVS – Euthanasia. Retrieved June 1, 2006 from:http://www.spucscotland.org/education/students/euthanasia/tonyblandpvs.html.Tooley, Michael (2006). An Irrevelant Consideration: Killing versus Letting Die.Retrieved May 30, 2006 from:http://www.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/DeathandDylingTEXT/Tooley

The Importance Of Perfluorooctanoic Acid ( Pfoa )

In the 1950’s DuPont, an American industrial conglomerate, started producing Teflon at its Washington Works Plant near Parkersburg, WV; a couple of hours southeast of Columbus, Ohio on the Ohio River. Teflon is a non-stick coating commonly found on water-resistant clothing, cookware, among other things. One of the main byproducts of Teflon is perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), more commonly known as C8. DuPont s Washington Works plant released C8 into the air as well as the Ohio River until 2001, at which point abnormally high levels of the acid were detected in drinking water supplies throughout the river in Little Hocking, Ohio. The Little Hocking water system consists of five groundwater wells located immediately west (downstream) of the Ohio River and it took approximately 50 years for the C8 released into the Ohio River to reach the well fields. This is because contaminates were transferred via groundwater, which travels much slower than the river’s surface water. How ever, once the C8 had infiltrated the wells, an estimated 70,000 people were exposed to contaminated water. Shortly after the harmful levels of C8 were detected in the well fields, exposure to C8 was linked to cases of kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, pregnancy induced hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. As a result, in 2005, customers of Little Hocking Water (LHWA) along with five other rural water systems (Lubeck Public Service District, West Virginia; City ofShow MoreRelated Plastic Pollution and the Effects on Human Health Essay example2464 Words   |  10 Pagesdown and recycled together to make a new product (Cernansky, 2009). This is the reason most municipalities restrict plastic recycling. This issue applies to #1 and #2 plastics along with #5, used for yogurt cups, straws and medicine bottles. The importance of sorting has led to developments of sorting processes. Current processes are limited in their capability to depict certain types of additives in plastic and are expensive to run. This is where bio-plastics have been another issue in sorting. These

Television and Cinema

Sample details Pages: 34 Words: 10205 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Television mocking its big brother Cinema? Through parody is television mocking its big brother Cinema or is simply feeding the post-modern society? Artistic achievement has, in most societies, usually seen as one of the highest goals for its citizens with artists held in highest esteem in society. The Classical civilizations of Rome and Ancient Greece are rightly regarded as artistic highlights of world civilizations due to the unprecedented status given to artists of all trades: poets, painters, bards, actors, sculptors and musicians. This respect for excellence in the arts still exists today However modern art is unfortunately too often derided as a thing of paltry significance as compared to the great artists of the past. FPeriods of high accomplishment such as Ancient Greece or the Renaissance are rightly regarded as containing such artists whose skill and mastery of their respective disciplines may rarely be emulated, if ever. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Television and Cinema | Film Studies" essay for you Create order However, is that a reason for giving up on modern artistic output? After all, the twentieth century was that of Pollock, Rockwell and Hockney. But lest we forget, in the annals of history, it is doubtful that the past 100 years will be remembered for their contribution to age-old art forms such as painting or sculpture. Instead, it seems likely and indeed fair that the 20th century will be remembered for the creation, popularization and investigation of the audio-visual arts of cinema and television. From the first shots of the train moving out of Carpentras station, cinema has moved the hearts and minds of millions. The 20th century was witness to the greatest technological advancements in human history and artistic output followed suit. After the silent pictures of the 1900s first captures audiences to the first black-and-white talkies, cinematic progress could never be checked. From success to success, people round the world would be enchanted by Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, awed by Harryhausens special effects, moved by Gone With The Wind and horrified by Birth Of A Nation. Every decade would bring an advancement in cinematic output, something which would revolutionize the industry once again and bring new generations into cinemas. These constant progressions in cinema would take place at a far faster rate than in other arts due to several important factors. First of all, the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th-century had sent technological development across the world into a tail-spin which impacted cinema very positively by providing studios with a constant stream of new machinery, effects possibilities. The knock-on effect from this was of course that a steady stream of technicians would be trained and employed by the great studios. We will be analyzing the hiring and firing practices of the studio moguls as compared to the lifelong television employees further on in this dissertation. Another great reason for the appeal of cinema would be the characters contained within it. The glamour of Hollywood until the 1940s would make audiences dream across five continents up to the present day. The gritty reality of much of todays cinematic output had not even been imagined and movies were used to make people dream of a greater life. We will use this opportunity to further analyze the setting-up of the movie studios, the Jewish origins of most of the moguls and the taste of Americana they injected into their projects later on. Furthermore, we will draw up a detailed comparison between the early days of both film and television, analyzing which tactics worked better in the battles for a limited audience. Even horrifying world events such as World War II would provide the film industry with invigoration as Hollywood and the pre-war German film studios would engage in a rivalry, the like of which has rarely been seen in the arts. With the Hollywood ban on exporting American films to the Third Reich, the motivation for German film-makers was extraordinary and names such as Murnau and Lang emerged as major players on the world cinema scene. Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of them fled Germany during or after the war to seek new lives in Hollywood. Many failed but some met with varying measures of success, the greatest legacy of this time possibly contained in Fritz Langs masterpiece Metropolis, the ominous skyline filled with skyscrapers working as a tribute to Langs first impressions of seeing New York harbour from far out at sea. However, even from that darkest period of human history has emerged some of the most shocking and lasting pieces of film. The films shot by the Allied forces of the Nazi concentration camps have proved perhaps the most important factor of documentary cinema. Beyond the artistry, beyond the emotional impact, cinema has provided humankind with an unlimited opportunity to document its own history, both good and bad. An opportunity television executives would notice and pick up on. Even today, the claims made by CNN and BBC such as We are there as the news happens stem from the passion for news-stories instilled in people during the World War when small news flashes shown as previews before films in movie theatres were the only pictures civilians at home had of the war outside of newspapers. These propagandistic items were of course good for morale and television would soon enter into the fray, edging cinema out to take a monopoly over showing news programs. We must also consider another important area of research. The parodying between television and cinema is a term of some ambiguity. Within this dissertation, we will also try and highlight the inherent differences between the terms of parody and emulation. As per rivalry in any kind of industry, some actions that may seem to be a parody of existing practices are in fact no more than emulation, a mere attempt to capitalize on a rivals success. The concept of parody on the other hand is a very subtle one. Although television and cinema are by definition filled with some of the most acerbic minds in the world, minds quite ripe to create parody, it is somewhat nave to think that these people would be allowed to impact decisions on scheduling and programme production. Only those at the summit of their popularity would be allowed their own shows, let alone given creative control of their shows. A recent example of this happening in Britain would be So Graham Norton. However, even these shows often fail as can be demonstrated as can be seen through the antics of stars such as Liza Minnelli, John McEnroe or Anna Nicole Smith. Thus, we can observe that the concept of pure parody being used by cinema and television for its own sake is somewhat mortifying, given the massive financial risks such an undertaking would incur. However, if parody was created to feed the viewing desires of a post-modern audience, then such an action becomes more realistic. To study this, we shall take an in-depth look at the nature of todays post-modern audience and their viewing habits. In this dissertation, we will be looking in more depth at the first fledgling footsteps of both these art forms, the characters that helped build them up to their global statuses as well as two important periods in their history. The 50s and 60s where cinema and television were in direct competition through the slow transition period of the 70s and 80s into the modern-day scenario of co-operation. With this journey through time, we will be looking at trends pioneered by each of them and looking at any sharing or borrowing of ideas between the two mediums, we shall observe their long and drawn-out rivalry as well as the numerous examples of co-operation between them. The Glamour Years or the faint ridicule of cinemas golden age If 90% of leadership is showing up, then we can hardly be surprised at the manner in which the men who would become studio moguls quickly rose to the top of this brand new industry. The founders of Paramount, RKO, MGM, Fox and Warner Bros. were for the vast majority immigrants or children of immigrants who had come to America either to seek their fortune or who had grown up with the image of America as this place of opportunity. In the first two decades of the 20th century, these views were far truer than they are now but to attain what one desired when the bar was so high, a lot of hard work would have to be carried out over many years. Thankfully, hard work was what these mens families had been built on. Possessing this instinct along with a fine sense for business acumen, which some would sarcastically claim was due to their Jewish nature, Mayer, Goldwyn and the others would take the American cinematic market by storm. Before continuing, let us dispel any lingering images of these men helping each other out on their way to success. They entered a ruthless line of business where they were in direct competition and they tried everything to ruin each other, from slandering each other in the popular press to stealing actors and actresses. However, more united them than the moguls would have cared to admit. Since most of them had risen from humble beginnings, their visions of America were an embodiment of the American Dream that had influenced the migration of countless thousands from their home countries. The MGM studio, for example, would become synonymous with Technicolor musicals such as The Wizard of Oz portraying the world as a happy, bright place where everyone lived contently. The Warners would take a more active interest in social commentary but even their early efforts never went too far in criticizing a society that had offered them so much. Across the studio divide, the concepts of method acting had never even been considered and the goal of cinema was to make their actors and actresses look glamorous while portraying a style of life that would make every American dream in wonder. Why this image can be considered with a slight tint of ridicule is its existence in the middle of such troubled times. In the space of thirty years, America would fight in the two bloodiest conflicts in human history yet still, the studios churned out glossy movies, filled with beautiful dames and jolly banter. But here, once again, we strike a familiar obstacle, one that both film and television have met too many times. Too often in criticism about their history, studios or television networks are blamed for the programmes they carry or films they produce. Unfortunately, whilst they cannot be absolved of all blame, the relationship between social trends and popular entertainment is an obvious one. At a time in its history when America was fighting wars, undergoing a recession as well as Prohibition, the last thing American audiences wanted was to be served up with depressing fare that they could identify with. If another example of this is needed, look at what kind of cinema was popularized in the 50s. After the war, the film noir came of age and rose to ascendancy when American society was doing well and people felt good about themselves. A crucial fact that those who are all too quick to lay blame at the feet of the studios is that films and television programs will only be made if their creators feel they will be well-received by the general public. Televisions first faltering footsteps The intertwining and complex relationship between cinema and television cannot only be analyzed from the perspectives of programme similarity and audience sharing. Those who decided on what programmes should be commissioned, those who researched audiences to determine what kind of target audiences should be tapped, those who decided on what type of scheduling to choose at any given time of day, these television executives, producers and network directors would be the ones that would outline how television would evolve from one year to the next. As has been explained, television channels found themselves confronted with a very difficult challenge. Whereas film studios had been opened in great pomp and ceremony with the budgets of their moguls behind them thus allowing them to find their feet and carve their respective identities without a vast amount of competitive pressure placed upon them. Television did not benefit from such an auspicious start. The challenge that faced channels was to find their own identities and thus capture individual audience shares whilst fighting an uphill struggle to dislodge cinema from its spot atop the entertainment mountain. To take this would kind a special kind of organization. How could television not only catch up to cinema but also surpass it in popularity? Well, television started out with two significant advantages. Firstly, that of money. The far larger amount of broadcasting time inherent to television made it a much more viable target for financial gain than cinema which could only show any adverts to limited audiences. The commercial prospects of television soon became clear and this links us neatly with its second trump card. Throughout the 50s, televisions popularity exploded and families were rushing to buy them. The reason this had not occurred during the 1940s was that regulations concerning this new kind of entertainment were still getting sorted out and freed of problems. At the end of the 40s, television was still a luxury and commissions for TV channels had only really affected the East and West Coasts. However, in the 50s, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) decided to make the acquisition of such a commission far easier and soon, channels began appearing across the States, often broadcasting to a small area but carrying only limited-interest stories for its local people. Thus, television watching became a far more personal affair. As far as programme content, a specific identity for television developed slowly through the 50s with the launching of successful sitcoms such as I Love Lucy which carried high audience shares across the country. However, we can distinguish here the first example of a parody between two entertainment methods. Shows that were once popular on radio were being copied to television, with I Love Lucy a prime example of this. (Wikipedia, 2005) illustrates the identity-forming process of television by explaining how local television stations helped shape this process. Moving on from merely showing advertisements for local companies, they began showing small serials and talk shows, some of which became national phenomenons. The local nature of this kind of television would eventually mostly fade away by the 70s but the damage done to cinema was irreparable. Television had entered the hearts and minds of successive American generations and it was here to stay. Here, we can draw a major comparison between cinema and television potentially parodying it. Merely watching a few episodes of these old-school sitcoms, we cannot help but be struck at the similarity of tone to the pre-war Hollywood days. It is necessary to diverge briefly to explain the state of mind of 1950s America. Before the war, the USA had undergone a massive recession caused by the Wall Street Crash and thus, it had fallen to the entertainment industry to help people forget their woes. The film industry had done this, as shown above, but the changes it had caused had not died away. Although World War II had caused the death of many a gallant young man, it had lifted the USA into a very buoyant mindset. With the European powers needing a decade more to recover from the conflict, with Japans military and economic potential temporarily annihilated, with China still reeling from its murderous invasion, the Soviet Union remained the only true challenge to Americas supremacy. But the Cold War had not yet begun in earnest and in the late 40s and early 50s, the USA saw itself as the worlds only true superpower. The much denigrated Eisenhower presidency kept the economy stable through a tricky balancing act and for most of America, life was good. The Americana dream adapted to no longer be a picture of great wealth but of blissful happiness. The family unit of 2.4 children, living in the comfortable and safe suburban districts with a white picket fence around a big house, was a dream that many wished to achieve and television could reflect that. Shows such as I Love Lucy portrayed a heavenly, glossy picture of American society which is ultimately matched nowhere in entertainment except among the idyllic American communities shown in early studio films. The Warners, Mayer and the others had all built up their studios from the ground up thanks to their own hard work. They were living proof of the possibilities America offered and thus showed this in their films. Television in the 50s emulated this entirely. The era was different, the clothing more modern but the ensemble feeling remained the same. This was not merely borne out in television sitcoms but also in adverts. Sitcoms would be interrupted for commercial upon commercial selling the latest washing-machine, vacuum-cleaner or kitchen appliance without which the dutiful housewife could not live. It is oddly ironic that many of todays stereotypes about the 50s are a product of this kind of television. It needs to be remembered, However, that this often derided type of family life where the children skipped to school, rosy-cheeked and clutching an apple, while the father gave his loving wife a demure kiss on the cheek before heading to the office in his beautiful Chevrolet is not merely a myth. Around the suburbs of New York, San Francisco and the like, many families not only lived this kind of life but their children and grandchildren still do today. However, the way in which television chose to reflect this society in a utopian sense, glossing over any unpleasantness, was a definite rehashing of the technique used by the film studios of Hollywood twenty years previously. The adaptation of the two mediums and their direct battle for audience shares As television successfully found its feet and began a posing direct threat to cinema, studios were forced to change. After all, no other new form of entertainment had entered general society since the arrival of cinema before television and thus, cinema would have to fight to keep its audiences. A couple of things could be seen as certain before these changes would proceed. Firstly, cinema would never rival television for mass popularity and market potential due to the overwhelming availability of television and its presence in an increasing number of households across America. Secondly, one of televisions worrying tendencies was to garner a lot of advertising money from a wide swathe of big American companies. Electrical appliances, cars, clothes, foodstuffs and drinks were all sold on television during commercial breaks, a fact that cinema could not copy. However, studio executives soon found ways round this problem, ways in which although adverts could not be shown during the movie, surreptitious showing of products could have a similar effect. Product placement was born. Admittedly, in a society which with every passing year produces more and wastes more, it seems that studios have become less adept at making product placement seem natural rather than obvious. The 007 series had always been a treasure trove for companies wishing to place their symbols on James Bonds latest gadget. With the arrival of Pierce Brosnan into the role However, any shred of subtlety vanished to be replaced with highly obvious use of products. For example, Brosnans type of car had always been one of the highlights of the film. In Die Another Day, the presence of the painfully named Aston Martin Vanish only served as a sales pitch for the Vanquish. Such utterly shameless product placement did reach a crescendo in 2004 where the amount of plugging for Sony and Converse in I, Robot would have made Isaac Asimov turn in his grave. However, such behaviour can shed some light onto the type of post-modern audience that we are evolving in. Those detractors who claim that post-modernism is merely the natural by-product of such a senselessly wasteful society whose mechanisms result in the attempted alienation of anyone showing a shred of individuality. Whether this is true or not is difficult to ascertain but what is lamentable is that the artistic integrity which has existed since Aristotle is being compromised in cinema out of the desire to keep up with television. Thankfully, the presence of adverts in television, even if sometimes the length of advert breaks can be infuriating has meant this has not happened in televisions case. If we evolve in a post-modernist society, then these differing methods of merely pandering to our consumers instincts could seem to be a by-product of intense competition between two forms of popular entertainment. Unfortunately, cinemas rapid changes would lead to renewed controversy over its spectatorship and its impact thereupon as explained by Lynn Spigel. The concept of spectatorship in itself is a fascinating one, not just within the framework of this dissertation, but also within the field of cinema and television research. The bearings that society can have upon an audiences watching habits are a crucial fact to understanding how individuals, larger target groups or entire demographics will react to any kind of program. (Spigel, 1998) places the birth of the issue of spectatorship in the 70s as film studies began increasing in popularity. This rise in popularity and its link to audience research are vital as we can use them to comprehend not just how an audience would react to a pioneering film or series in either cinema or television but also how it would react to a parody or any kind of wholesale copying of a popular film or series by another medium of entertainment. The issues raised by Spigel are ones, she claims, whose roots lie back in the ideals of Marx and Lacan. From a psycho-analytical perspective, Spigel writes of the complexities of spectatorship research given the psychological aspects behind it. Although Spigels thoughts may be questioned in themselves, they do offer conclusive evidence of audience diversity today and how carefully each aspect of this diversity needs to be considered before deciding on scheduling or production. In this, we can see the great precautions television executives must need to take in order to contemplate parodying of any kind of popular film. Modern television, its workings and its impact upon the world Big, brash, loud. Three words which could describe much of the television programmes produced in America in recent years. Long gone is the demure image of the family sitting down to enjoy some good old American-style programming with shows such as Bewitched or I Dream of Jeannie. Lets face it, if these shows were produced today, they would face some accusations of glorifying witchcraft, yet another practice banned in Leviticus long list of gripes against the world. Somehow, the image of ABC being picketed for showing re-runs of Bewitched may at first strike us as absurd but with careful thought, does this seem so unlikely? One of the major problems facing network directors and schedulers is the problems they could face if showing any material seen as even slightly offensive to anybody. We will not engage here in mindless America-bashing but in a country that has long defended the right to free speech, both the film and television industries are being lambasted by religious and family protection groups for promoting violence and pornography. Whilst this could be understood if horror films were shown at hours when children watched TV or if their cartoons professed truly immoral practices but when complaints relate to Elmer Fudd shooting Bugs Bunny, one can wonder if the world has gone crazy. However insane these complaints can appear to be, they are still a startlingly important reality for todays television. They form one of the biggest pressures on television executives who are caught in a tricky balancing act. They must maintain their audience shares by scheduling popular programming whilst also keeping packs of demented denigrators at bay. Interestingly, regulations concerning the effect of violent or sexual programming have been in place for decades. After all, most channels, even now with the new glut of cable and digital operators, have respected the 9 oclock watershed before broadcasting any overly offensive material. Have they been secretly breaching rules of moral conduct in recent years? Whilst it is certain that television programmes do have an impact on those who watch them and while children will always care little about rules or regulations that protect them from exposition to negative images, can this be said to be the wholesale fault of the television industry? If the people want games, then games they shall have. This syllogism is one without which television stations cannot operate and although appeals could be made for public decency, violent and pornographic programmes will only be made and shown as long as the public has an interest in them. Thus, society should look to what elements within itself cause television to broadcast this type of programming rather than attack television for it. A recent example that shows just what a level of frenzy has been reached was the 2004 Superbowl. Justin Timberlake and Janet Jackson provided the entertainment when Timberlake ripped off part of Jacksons outfit, exposing her pierced right breast. Whether the stunt was pre-prepared or not has not been made crystal clear but the furore that surrounded the incident was mind-boggling. The family protection and decency groups went insane, denouncing all film and television workers as Hollywood sleaze. The fact that this slip occurred during an event with global broadcasting and with audiences reaching into the hundreds of millions blew it out of all proportion. For some reason, that a breast had been shown on national television before the watershed was seen as being a massive breach of public decency and as potentially warping the fragile little minds of innocent children. This level of problems goes a long way to showing the tonnage of pressure placed upon television channels. However, it is thankfully a trend that has not seemed to take hold outside the USA. The EU, Japan and Canada are subjected to the same kind of programming and although some complaints are voiced, they never garner so much media attention. Thus, we can see that the manners in which television panders to its audiences vary from country to country. We have highlighted televisions modus operandi in the USA but let us consider a cross-section of Japanese audiovisual entertainment. More than 20% of Japans cinematic output and a vast swathe of its popular television programs are made up of anime. Anime cartoons usually contain far more involved storyline than their American counterparts, replete with high levels of violence, sexy and skimpily-clad female characters and yet, these are watched by children of all ages. Does Japan thus see a higher violence rate among young children? No, in fact, the proportion of it is far lower in Japan than it is in the USA. However, even Japanese anime does not make it onto American airwaves without massive cuts by the censorship office. A good example of this is constituted by the popular anime series, Dragonball Z. In it, a group of fighters defend Earth from invasion by evil aliens or androids. Throughout its 250+ episodes, the show contains high levels of violence, including dismembering, decapitation and the beating of children. As can be imagined, when the show was broadcast in America on Cartoon Network, all these passages were cut to spare the minds of our children. However, in Japan, Dragonball Z aired in all its unadulterated gore and no-one seemed the worse for wear. This is not to say that so much violence on TV is good. Indeed, it is lamentable that it should exist at all but it is highly unfair to lay the blame for any consequences at the feet of an industry which is doing its best to keep as many people happy as possible. Although, we have taken a standpoint in attacking America for its high sensitivity when it comes to protecting its children, we have recently been confronted with proof that this type of protest does not only occur in the USA. For ten years, Jerry Springer shocked the nation with its own brand of low chatshow humour. Famed topics of debate involved the KKK, incest and bestiality. It had met with both acclaim and criticism at home, some calling it a true social commentary, other cheap laughter at others misfortunes. Anyway, the comedic potential of the idea was soon seen and in 2002, it was turned into a musical named Jerry Springer: The Opera, starring David Soul as Jerry Springer, showing in the West End and on Broadway. Controversy courted it throughout but its great success shouted down these demons. However, in January 2005, the BBC decided to show the musical in its entirety. As soon as this decision was made public, Christian right-wing groups attacked the BBC for insulting Christians when it would not dare the same about Muslims or Jews. While this claim did have some merit, the BBC ignored these claims and broadcast the show at 10 oclock on a Monday night with clear warning beforehand about the potentially offensive content within it. Examples of this type of occurrence could number in their hundreds but they are an ideal way of investigating how modern audiences identify with television programmes and react to them. One of the basic tenets is that post-modernism is that reactions to any situation are processes created by each individual and that thus, clear definitions of knowledge or art encompassing a group or a society are baseless. In this, it can be argued that the very concept of a post-modern audience is flawed. However, whatever theory we choose to engage with, we cannot reject human nature. In the last twenty years, it seems that many among the generation of young people across America who fought in the 60s and 70s against Vietnam, against the Cold War, for Civil Rights and for many other noble causes have become dangerously jaded. Americas quality of life at the end of the 70s and in the 80s reached a high unseen since the 50s. Although the gap between rich and poor was ever-widening, the lifestyles of the middle and upper classes were prodigious. America was still afflicted with problems in Iran, Central America but the Soviet Block was crumbling and the mood among the general population was good. However, in the 80s and 90s occurred a phenomenon that not many people had truly predicted. The baby-boomers who had so been influential in re-shaping America after World War II were themselves beginning to be required to pass the torch to the next generation. Thus, the norms of society that they had created were themselves being challenged by their children. This shift occurred through the appropriation of traditional American areas of life by the younger generation such as television, cinema, the press as well as the fledgling Internet. We will look in further detail at the emergence of teenagers as a separate marketing entity and the impact of the home video on cinema and television as it entered this confused social maze. (Carberry, 2000) picks up on the popular image of television being viewed as a window on the world. This image, although adequate in some respects, also fails to pay attention to one crucial fact about television. If we look out of a window, we are certain that we will see will be real. A television does not offer this capacity. Television programmes are constructed and even factual news bulletins or documentaries can be edited to look the way the news director wants them to. We know enough of methods of communication to realize the propagandistic power of television and therefore we are conscious that we must always take a step back when rationalizing about something we have seen on television. Television, by its very nature, is as big a construct as cinema however the accusation of warping peoples minds is leveled far more at television than cinema. Is this because cinema has consciously avoided parodying televisions tactics? Or, the far likelier option, is it that the accessibility factor of television in every household makes it a far bigger liability? The Brat Pack and the rejuvenation of an art-form Despite many provable claims that cinema constantly re-invented itself through the 20th century in the face of audiences that were ever-demanding new entertainment, comparable in their way to the crowds of Rome ever baying for more blood sports, cinema did face a daunting task in this as compared to television. Television, by its very nature, provided smaller-scale programs which it could produce and broadcast constantly whilst film executives had to rely on the takings of a few major films every year to keep itself afloat. A number of films could certainly attract the crowds and meet with considerable critical acclaim but the numbers of such men and women were still too few. However, American cinema and consequently, world cinema was about to undergo a revolution. For two decades since the end of World War II, the old nations of Europe had been experimenting with different styles and imprinting their home-grown cinema with a particular identity or flavour. The French could lay claim to La Nouvelle Vague with the works of pioneers such as Godard and Truffaut whilst the Spanish film-makers invented the dangerously clever and cynical cinema metaforico under the very noses of Francos ruthless censors who supervised film sets for any sign of criticism of the Generalissimos reign. These cinematic trends had proved to Hollywood what they were lacking. A series of directors that could produce films appealing to that American identity that the Roosevelts and Kennedy had shouted from the rooftops of the world. Yet still this left executives scratching from their heads. Unlike France or Spain, the USA was a fledgling nation barely two hundred years old. What part of its tradition and history could be used to make audiences flock to the cinemas with a renewed sense of excitement? As it turned out, it was not the executives who were asked to answer the question. This phenomenon would manifest itself naturally. From the film schools of the late 60s and early 70s in New York and LA would emerge a generation of directors who would grab the bull of American cinema by the horns and force it to change drastically as they wanted it to. They understood what American audiences wanted to see. After all, they had been part of those very audiences in the 50s and early 60s which had experienced the downfall in exciting material produced by Hollywood. Their baby-boom generation had only known America with the rewards of the post-war economic progression, the fear of the Cold War and Vietnam and they were ready to make their voices heard. This generation was loud, brash and fiercely ideological. Why not make this felt through their cinema? Coppolas Apocalypse Now stands out as a bastion of ideology, refusing to gloss over the Vietnam War as previous war films had done about the two World Wars. Accompanied by Oliver Stones Platoon and Kubricks Full Metal Jacket, this film hurt the consciousness of a nation that had formerly felt safe in its own puissance and many of its citizens could not bear to see this familiar cocoon of ideological magnificence be shattered by some young Hollywood upstarts. Is it surprising then that these films tanked at the American Box Office whilst meeting with applause around the world. How then could these men be seen as having saved Hollywood by injecting with some much-needed fresh blood? By not standing alone. If Stone and Coppola provided the ideological side of new American cinema, Lucas, Spielberg and De Palma represented the take-no-shit, stop-at-nothing side of their generation who rather than focus on issues that they saw as the matters of Washington politicians decided to appeal to the teenagers and young children that were to come after. Their films were raw, big and loud yet astonishingly varied as every an found his own style. De Palmas The Wild Bunch, perhaps one of the most violent films committed to celluloid, demystified the Western genre. Reversely, Lucas and Spielberg let their imagination run riot and with early successes such as THX 1138, they had the studios at their feet, inflated egos and vast budgets to match. Lucas space saga Star Wars stands out as the icon of this movement, sweeping in millions at the Box Office and conquering the hearts of successive generations to this day. When A New Hope hit cinemas across the USA in 1977, even those few crusty members of the Hollywood establishment that still tried to hang onto the past were forced to capitulate and admit that the Hollywood they knew was dead and buried. From the first shot of a Star Destroyer moving across the screen and an audiences collective gasp as their ear-drums take their first impact from a Dolby Surround Sound system, cinema changed. Lucas would go on to make the following two Star Wars films staggering successes as well as launching the Indiana Jones series. However, he would eventually stumble slightly when making the new trilogy of the epic science-fiction series, trying too hard to make it funny whilst detracting from the storyline, whilst his great companion, Steven Spielberg, would go from strength to strength. Cementing himself as the poster boy for the Brat Pack through the 80s and 90s, Spielberg would gain his well-deserved reputation by always providing an element of challenge in the direction of his films. E.T. and Jurassic Park would revolutionize the use of special effects, Schindlers List would prove to be controversially popular due to its gritty subject matter whilst if Duel and The Terminal did not contain some staggering innovation, they simply moved audiences by being excellent films. However, despite all these innovations, cinema would still meet a sharp downturn in audiences in the 80s with the introduction of perhaps its greatest challenge, the entrance into the fray of home videos. The entrance of home video Where the Brat Pack had given cinema an edge over television with promises of spectacles far beyond the range of ordinary TV channels, television producers found themselves needing a new tactic to regain their audiences. It was not that television ratings had dropped particularly, after all television sets were now firmly established in households across the country but the familiarity of television was now part of the problem. Taken for granted despite shows such as Dallas and Dynasty pulling in millions of viewers each week, television had lost the veneer and shine of a new form of entertainment and media it had so long possessed after the war. Without the budgets of film studios and without the talent of big-name actors and directors at their beck and call, television production companies had to find a way to compete once more and elevate themselves back to the pinnacle of American entertainment. The key, it would seem, was to be found in the unlikely field of demographic studies. Both film and television executives had for some time varied their output on the back of single-group demographical research. For example, even the inspired Brat Pack directors had made their films to appeal to the collective consciousness of a generation, that of young boys and girls under 25. This was a tactic which worked very well insofar as the targeted demographics did flock to the movie theatres in droves. Star Wars, Indiana Jones and Back To The Future became legendary series of films, entering the minds of young people across the country. Similarly, television programs and scheduling was determined according to which target audience was likely to be watching at any given time of day. Sports were left for the evening when the men would be back from work whilst the much-derided concept of daytime television consisting of soap operas and chat shows sprang up for the entertainment of housewives, seen as watching television during the day after completing their chores after her husband and children had gone to school. This may seem like a highly Stepford Wives type of generalization but from the 50s, these kinds of assumptions were constantly made by executives both in the film and television industries who based their schedules on these assumptions with noticeable success. Although technology is not the basis for this dissertation, the theories lying behind how the general public thinks of this technology is inherent to discovering how television interacts with a post-modern audience. However, this policy failed in one important respect. It considered specific demographics on a one person basis, targeting each age-group as a single entity such as 18-25 year olds or middle-aged housewives. What it failed to consider was that the baby-boom generation that had long been the mainstay of both film and television target audiences for three decades now had young children and even teenagers that now needed to be taken into account. This newer generation provided two crucial target areas. The latter, that of teenagers had already been almost wholly captured by Hollywood. The older among them had experienced the Star Wars phenomenon and saw themselves well-represented among the pissed-off new breed of Hollywood directors. Their younger siblings, However, were still 12 and under and together with their parents provided television executives with a perfect new target audience. One that would collectively become known as the family unit. The family unit was the first time that demographical studies included a group of people of different sex and age collectively when considering what type of entertainment would appeal to them. Furthermore, the political climate in America in the verge of the Reagan era had put a lot of pressure on Hollywood. Throughout the 70s, the steady stream of Hollywood fare was seen as being too violent, too lewd, too disturbing, too shocking, too distressing. The voices of those that made these claims were ignored until the election of Reagan. A product of old Hollywood himself, he declared war on the studios, trying to force them to change their fare to better fit in with the era of decency and morality he claimed to be ushering in. Hollywood caved slightly as did Reagan in the face of a destructive stand-off and began producing more family-oriented films, fitting in with the discovery of the financial potential of the family unit. However, where Hollywood might again have got the better of television by capitalizing on another good idea, the goddess of technology had for once smiled upon the world of television. In the late 70s, video recorders had been perfected and thus a whole new market had opened up. The popularity of films for the family unit such as E.T. was so high that television would increase its financial gain several times by home video sales and re-runs on their channels. Now, an argument could be made that since the home video sales were of Hollywood studio films, surely the studios themselves would be reaping the rewards and taking in a significant percentage of the profits from home video sales. Whilst this was true and studios were also making money off the back of movie-related products, home video popularity was having a drastic effect on cinema turnouts. Popular films were flying off the shelves after very limited box office takings whilst lesser-known ones failed to bring in money in either case. Teenagers were still being successfully courted by Hollywood but the family unit was far out of its reach most of the time. The parents of the so-called unit were overwhelmingly those who had elected Reagan to power, many of them off the back of his claims to restore decency and whom has listened to his anti-Hollywood smut speeches. Thus, some elements of Hollywood had succeeded in alienating those that showed the most financial potential. It is true that some films such as the aforementioned E.T. still met with huge box office success but over all, the invention of the home video and its entry into the lives of millions of families was a massive win for the television executives and a body blow for the film industry, one that would take studios nigh on a decade to recover from. The apathy of the viewer and the post-modernist changes A stalwart refusal to hang on to tradition in an ever-changing world. This definition could be applied to an ever more fickle society which seems to be taken the rapid technological advances of the 20th century as an excuse to simply stop caring about the higher moralities of human existence. The concepts that moved the worlds great societies for millennia such as a sense of duty and honour have long been abandoned for ones that are easier to live by such as financial gain and social acceptance. However we wish this change had not happened, they are now undeniable presences in Western society and it is only natural that they should be represented in film and television. We have described in detail earlier how both of these changed and altered their tactics in order to compete with each other and meet various demands from their audiences. However, one factor that producers in both mediums could never have predicted was the general apathy for life that seems to have afflicted much of the latest generation of teenagers and young adults. While pandering to audiences desires was always essential to the development and progress of both film and television, this kind of scheduling was always balanced out by varying amounts of general public-interest programming. Public-interest in cinema could be documentaries or independent lower-budget films whilst for television, news shows as well as commentating programs discussing both national and world events. Unfortunately, the 90s saw a steady decline in audience ratings for this kind of programming, people only watching the news for the sports and weather sections at the end whilst many foregoing completely any documentaries or investigatory programmes. Faced with this alarming trend, television network directors have been forced to cut back on this kind of programming whilst showing more and more mindless programmes which then face criticism from minority groups. This vicious circle is one that is drawn from the type of society that we live in. If this audience is at all post-modern, it is in some of the subconscious habits it has assumed. Western society has become highly adept at taking everything around it for granted, from food and drink to electricity but also as far as film and television are concerned. When we turn on a television set or pick up a cinema listings leaflet, we expect a certain amount of choice so that we may pick something that fits our mood. These expectations thus mould the choices made by network directors. In this, it can be conclusively said that television is inherently a slave to its audiences as without them, it cannot function. (Groothuis, 2000) provides some valuable insight into the tricky and sometimes co-destructive relationship between television and its audience. Groothuis labels television a potent agent of truth decay in postmodernity, claiming that by its warped view of the world, television affects our own. Television is a form of media communication and entertainment, first and foremost. Many people rely on it for news of the outside world and developments in any field. Groothuis accusation of truth decay on a post-modern audience is an audacious but truthful one. The impact that television has on the daily lives of millions worldwide can be terrifying. Because television stations are only able to provide a view of reality and not reality itself, we are automatically presented with a biased or distorted view of events however neutral the station or journalist has tried to be. By basing all our opinions or views on any subject on a televisual view alone, we are in danger of becoming dangerously conditioned. As Groothuis writes, Television has become a commercial and cultural institution in American life; as such, it is unproblematic to the vast majority of Americans and, therefore, highly influential. It is precisely this familiarity which makes television both comforting and perilous. This is thrown into even sharper relief when considering television from a fictional perspective. For young children who are often unable to truly differentiate between the latest conflict on the news and the latest murder on an afternoon show, televisions influence can become truly terrifying. We have all heard urban myths such as the four year old boy who killed himself when jumping out of a high-storey window, dressed as Superman. However, as long these shows continue to be popular, they will continue to be produced. Anyway, the phasing out of television will never happen. It is too deeply entrenched into our modern-day culture for it to be removed. What we need to find is a way to make ourselves less dependent on television for both factual and fictional input. We know that all television channels will automatically pander to their audiences no matter what but how about their emulation of some cinematic trends? Is this a mere parody or is it an attempt at finding other ways to please the demanding crowd? Well, in order to ascertain this, let us look at a few examples of sheer imitation between cinema and television from the 90s and 2000s. In reaction to the bigger-budget special effect extravaganzas that Hollywood had begun churning out since Jaws, television found itself forced to compete on a different level. Although it could not mass produce constant series with similar effects, the popularity of home video had also given rise to television being able to gain broadcasting rights on syndicated and then on public access channels. It is easy to imagine how this could have been a body blow to the film industry but the money paid by television for the rights to these films was a significant source of revenue for studios always needing more money for the spiraling budgets of individual films. Television channels, on the other hand, could easily afford to fork out such prices for the rights due to the prime-time advertising slots they would put on the market when showing them. Corporations, knowing how families would flock to channels showing such blockbusters as E.T. or Star Wars on television for the first time, would offer colossal sums of money to be allowed to place their adverts during the showings. Interestingly, since all parties concerned made money off the selling of rights, a postulation could be that instead of being a parody of cinema by television, this was really a mutually beneficial transaction. Furthermore, if television has had a habit of emulating cinematic inventions, the reverse is also true. Perhaps the greatest accusation leveled at cinema today is its total lack of originality. Film lovers have decried that those that are hailed as great directors today produce films that lack the emotional punch, uplifting storylines and memorable characters that were the hallmarks of Fellini, Hitchcock and De Sica. Even men like Scorcese and Coppola who have been seen as living legends of cinema for decades seem to have tailed off and accepted to sink into simple banality. Occasionally, a silver lining can pierce this dark cloud such as Pixars films but for the most part, it can be commonly accepted that studios no longer have the impact they used to. A simple proof of this is Hollywoods current attitude towards successful television series. In recent years, we have heard projects for countless films of popular series, both American and British. Red Dwarf, Friends, Sex and the City, The League of Gentlemen and The Simpsons have all been in movie development hell whilst The Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy has finally been made amidst much criticism from fans. Some other common practices have been either the remakes of classic films such as Alfie or Psycho or the Americanisation of foreign films such as Nine Queens. The principal problem is that not only is this practise idiotic from the point of view of angering the fans but also because adapting any film, book or series from one medium to another is always fraught with danger in a post-modernist society. These statements may seem to point to a problem within cinema alone but any problem it has will automatically impact upon television as we will explain in our conclusion. The relationship between film and television can be seen as a symbiotic one. Although at times, elements within the two industries have been seen as being at each others throats, they are in fact mutually tied and it is clear that if one suffers, the other will inevitably suffer too. The post-modern audience with which these two mediums engage on a daily basis have become almost too demanding, too needy, too dependent on its little gadgets to make it happy. Someone once wrote that civilisation was three meals away from anarchy. Although this proverb still holds true, it is likely that the same would happen if society today, at least in the Western world, was deprived of television. The hold that these forms of entertainment have upon modern society is also an area which needs to be discussed. The fact of the matter is that we seem to be so dependent on television today that it has permeated our everyday lives in the most pernicious of ways. For example, the literacy rate of children is down, violent tendencies among children is up across the sex divide. Although we have made the prior point that television and cinema are not entirely responsible for the rise in violence after people have watched some of their films and shows and that often enough, these protests are the source of staggering overreaction, we cannot absolve television channels and film studios of all blame. In our conclusion, we will be coming to terms with all sides of the odd co-destructive and co-dependent relationship between the networks, the studios and their audiences. Conclusion How to summarize this and bring it all to a logical conclusion? Well, through our careful study above, we have three areas which need to be considered. Firstly, cinema and televisions troubled history has seen a lot of mistrust pass between executives in both forms of entertainment. However, in the last twenty years, faced with common pressure from all sides of a demanding society, they have come to an uneasy truce. The second area which we can analyze is that although we can think of cinema and television as two separate forms of entertainment, the factors that affect their decisions on what to broadcast are almost identical. As we have discovered, the post-modernist traits of our society have emerged out of a disturbing trend to simplify and label anything overly complex. Thus, the multi-faceted relationship between cinema and television, and to a lesser extent the Internet and newspapers, has led to a gross labeling of all of these as the media. Even Hollywood, where an encouraging growth in documentaries has recently been emerged, has been incorporated into this group. If this labeling only manifested itself in this way, the situation for all these forms of entertainment and press would not be disturbing. However, not only has the public at large adopted media as a term of reference to encapsulate all of these but this simplification has also entered a deeper evil. This signifies that too often, if an attack is labeled at a particular film or TV series, then all of the media will be lambasted. Nevertheless, we must fall not into a similar trap. When talking about the public at large, we must understand that these attacks are only carried out by some fringe groups like the CAP (www.capalert.com) and not by any significant percentage of society, although many of the thoughts and beliefs behind these attacks are wide-spread. In this, all branches of film and television from individual studios like 20th Century Fox and Universal to large networks like ABC or CNN are finding themselves torn between their loyalties. Their financial existence depends on the companies that place adverts during their breaks. Whilst it is true that many companies would take any advertising slot going, many of the bigger and thus higher-paying companies will only take slots on prime-time during popular programming. This type of programming, unfortunately, is the very double-edged sword that television channels face. On the one hand this programming, such as popular series or films shown after the watershed, are the ones that bring them among their highest audience ratings. The reverse side of the problem is that it is precisely these shows that carry the most controversial material and that are denounced as warping peoples minds or inciting promiscuous and violent tendencies. Fortunately, these voices are often shouted down as in the case of Jerry Springer: The Opera by the BBC and both television stations and thus film studios continue producing and showing what they desire; what they know will satisfy a majority of the audience, no matter how hollow this material might be. As a final thought, it seems clear that although both elements of both the television and film industries are guilty of stealing each others ideas, inspiring their films and shows from pre-existing ones and producing material which may seem baseless, these practices are all linked to a larger factor. This is the utter dependence that both cinema and television have to their audiences. They are methods of public entertainment and a studio or channel without the support of a high audience share will struggle and eventually fold. A disease spreading itself through most forms of entertainment is a lack of fresh input and creativity. Elements that have been mentioned such as Pixar do provide a modicum of this for their own gain but the spread of this apathy is becoming highly worrying. However, any efforts that cinema and television make to innovate and find some workable ideas are not conscious efforts to emulate each other. They are simply an inevitable by-product of competitors all vying for the attention of a limited audience. The rules of parody are complex but two are crystal-clear. If the chosen subject of parody is notoriously bad, then a parody thereof can play upon this and the joke becomes easier. However, if the target for satire is good or popular within its own right, then a parody becomes trickier. The parody must pick up on recognizable aspects of the target and ridicule it while still paying proper respect. A prime example of this is Dead Ringers. Jon Culshaw and his team choose a good ensemble cast of satires, drawing from a range of modern and new films and current affairs. Their use of Lord of the Rings can provide a good case study. Their main targets are the multiple endings of Return of the King. This is a perfect choice as it fits several criteria for good parody. Fans of the book adored the many endings as they paid proper homage to their beloved trilogy whilst less involved film-goers decried them, feeling like they simply dragged on for far too long. By drawing upon these and making fun of them, the Dead Ringers team thus ensured a massive potential for reference comprehension among its audience by using such a popular source. Cases like these are rare and thus parody is a risky area which can just as often fall flat and cause animosity but one that still continues to be one of the most popular sources of entertainment for television audience. However, the thought of parody being used purely as a method of emulation by television networks strikes as a little small-minded for such a huge business as television. Thus, it seems we can firmly say any parody used by television or cinema is done in order to feed a post-modern audience which does not take itself too seriously. 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